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2013| January | Volume 137 | Issue 1
Online since
March 8, 2013
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A study of the geographical clustering of districts in Uttar Pradesh using nutritional anthropometric data of preschool children
M Vishnu Vardhana Rao, Sharad Kumar, G N V Brahmam
January 2013, 137(1):73-81
PMID
:23481054
Background & objectives:
Worldwide variations in human growth and its genetic and environmental factors have been described. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the morphological differences and similarities among under 5 year children of rural areas of Uttar Pradesh State in India, and to determine differences or similarities of body size among children living in diverse regions.
Methods:
For this purpose, a cross-sectional district nutrition profile study conducted during 2002-2003 was used. The data on 10,096 children drawn from 1080 villages in 54 districts were part of the district level Diet and Nutrition Assessment survey. The mean values for height and weight for 54 districts were taken as the input data for subsequent analysis. The data were first normalized by means of principal component analysis (PCA) and then K-means clustering was performed.
Results:
The PCA and cluster analysis yielded four distinguishable clusters or patterns in the anthropometric data of children. These clusters were ordered according to the average body size (weight and height) of children. The mean stature and body weight of these children in cluster I were 3.2 cm and 1.4 kg higher than those of cluster IV indicating differences between clusters. Also, the variations between clusters in their social, demographic, health and nutrition parameters were compared.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The use of PCA and cluster analysis methods and their merits in studying the Uttar Pradesh preschool children growth variations are discussed. These results helped in identifying the districts with higher prevalence of undernutrition and the contributing factors.
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In vitro
activity of daptomycin & linezolid against methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
& vancomycin resistant enterococci isolated from hospitalized cases in Central India
Sheetal Chitnis, Gunjan Katara, Nanda Hemvani, Siddika Pareek, Dhananjay Sadashiv Chitnis
January 2013, 137(1):191-196
PMID
:23481072
Background & objectives:
Growing incidence of methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enteroccoci (VRE) is posing a therapeutic problem due to limited drug options. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to check susceptibility of MRSA and VRE isolates against new antimicrobials such as daptomycin and linezolid.
Methods:
A total of 586 Gram-positive isolates comprising 442
S. aureus
and 144 enterococci isolated from hospitalized cases included in the study, were subjected to
in vitro
antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method. One hundred twenty four enterococci obtained from rectal swabs of neonates were also included. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for daptomycin, linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin against 50 each isolates of MRSA and VRE by E strip.
Results:
Among the staphylococci, 326 (73.85%) isolates were MRSA. MIC for vancomycin and teicoplanin among MRSA was ≤ 3 μg/ml. MIC for daptomycin among MRSA was found to be in the range of 0.064-1.5 μg/ml. Percentage of VRE among clinical samples was 14.29 per cent while it was 47.06 per cent among enterococci from rectal swabs of neonates. MIC was >256 μg/ml for vancomycin among VRE and was associated with van A genotype. MIC range for daptomycin among VRE was 0.38-3 μg/ml. MIC for linezolid among MRSA and VRE was in the range of 0.25 to 1 and 0.38 -1.5 μg/ml, respectively.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The present study showed a rise in MIC to vancomycin for sizable number of MRSA and growing percentage of VRE at our centre. Daptomycin and linezolid showed 100 per cent activity against MRSA and VRE.
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Implementation of a short course of prophylactic antibiotic treatment for prevention of postoperative infections in clean orthopaedic surgeries
Purva Mathur, Vivek Trikha, Kamran Farooque, Vijay Sharma, Neetu Jain, Nidhi Bhardwaj, Satyapriya Sharma, MC Misra
January 2013, 137(1):111-116
PMID
:23481059
Background & objectives:
Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis constitutes the bulk of antimicrobial consumption in any hospital. This study was conducted at a level 1 Trauma Centre of a tertiary care hospital of India to assess the efficacy of a short (24 h) course of perioperative antibiotic prophylactic regimen in preventing surgical site infections (SSI) in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of closed fractures of limbs and to assess if the same can be implemented as a general policy.
Methods:
Patients of either sex, aged 18 yr or more, who were scheduled for ORIF and were willing and able to give informed consent, were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Group 1 (n=100) received 3 doses of 1 g i.v. cefuroxime perioperatively spaced 12 h apart and group 2 (n=97) received the conventional existing regimen [5 days of i.v. antibiotics (cefuroxime 1 g twice daily along with amikacin 15 mg/kg in 2 divided doses), followed by oral cefuroxime, 500 mg twice daily till suture removal].
Results:
Of the 197 patients, four patients developed a surgical site infection (three with methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
and one
Acinetobacter baumanii
). Of these, two patients were in group 1 and the remaining two in group 2. These patients were treated with i.v. antibiotics based on the culture and antimicrobial sensitivity reports. The cost of the short course treatment was ` 150 per patient as compared to ` 1,900 per patient for conventional regimen.
Interpretation & conclusions:
There was no significant difference in rates of SSI among the two groups in our study. Cost evaluation revealed that shorter course was less expensive than conventional long course regimen. Implementation of a short course perioperative regimen will go a long way in reducing antimicrobial resistance, cost and adverse reactions to antimicrobials.
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CENTENARY REVIEW ARTICLE
Leprosy - evolution of the path to eradication
Sunil Dogra, Tarun Narang, Bhushan Kumar
January 2013, 137(1):15-35
PMID
:23481049
Leprosy is among the world's oldest and most dreaded diseases and it has been synonymous with stigma and discrimination due to the hideous deformities it produced, mystery around its aetiology and transmission and lack of any effective remedy till recently. Leprosy control started with the use of chaulmoogra oil and for the last three decades, multi drug therapy (MDT) has been our main tool against leprosy. In the last two decades, the reported global prevalence of active leprosy infection has dropped by almost 90 per cent by the combined efforts of the World Health Organization (WHO), local governments, health professionals, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), however, a parallel drop in the incidence or new case detection rate (NCDR) has not occurred. From 1994 through 2011, more than 100,000 new cases are being detected annually, of whom maximum case load is from India. There is need for research on tools for early diagnosis, short and effective treatment, and prevention of deformities and disabilities. Evaluating the role of immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis will also lead us to better understanding of their mode of action. Further molecular analysis of
Mycobacterium leprae
genome may provide the requisite basis for all this. The current reality is that there is a need to sustain and provide quality leprosy services to all persons through general health services, including good referral system. All these provisions in the integrated health care approach will go a long way in further reducing the stigma. Efforts need to be made to reduce deformity through early detection, self care, physiotherapy and reconstructive surgery and developing sound surveillance systems. With all the remarkable achievements in the fight against leprosy, the stage is now set for the final assault. It is hoped that with the efforts of all the stake holders and strong political will, the disease will be eradicated in the near future.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Thin slice three dimentional (3D) reconstruction versus CT 3D reconstruction of human breast cancer
Yi Zhang, Yan Zhou, Xinhua Yang, Peng Tang, Quanguang Qiu, Yong Liang, Jun Jiang
January 2013, 137(1):57-62
PMID
:23481052
Background & objectives:
With improvement in the early diagnosis of breast cancer, breast conserving therapy (BCT) is being increasingly used. Precise preoperative evaluation of the incision margin is, therefore, very important. Utilizing three dimentional (3D) images in a preoperative evaluation for breast conserving surgery has considerable significance, but the currently 3D CT scan reconstruction commonly used has problems in accurately displaying breast cancer. Thin slice 3D reconstruction is also widely used now to delineate organs and tissues of breast cancers. This study was aimed to compare 3D CT with thin slice 3D reconstruction in breast cancer patients to find a better technique for accurate evaluation of breast cancer.
Methods:
A total of 16-slice spiral CT scans and 3D reconstructions were performed on 15 breast cancer patients. All patients had been treated with modified radical mastectomy; 2D and 3D images of breast and tumours were obtained. The specimens were fixed and sliced at 2 mm thickness to obtain serial thin slice images, and reconstructed using 3D DOCTOR software to gain 3D images.
Results:
Compared with 2D CT images, thin slice images showed more clearly the morphological characteristics of tumour, breast tissues and the margins of different tissues in each slice. After 3D reconstruction, the tumour shapes obtained by the two reconstruction methods were basically the same, but the thin slice 3D reconstruction showed the tumour margins more clearly.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Compared with 3D CT reconstruction, thin slice 3D reconstruction of breast tumour gave clearer images, which could provide guidance for the observation and application of CT 3D reconstructed images and contribute to the accurate evaluation of tumours using CT imaging technology.
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Tackling the malaria problem in the South-East Asia Region: Need for a change in policy?
Kaushik Bharati, NK Ganguly
January 2013, 137(1):36-47
PMID
:23481050
Malaria is largely neglected in the South-East Asia Region (SEAR), although it has the highest number of people susceptible to the disease. Malaria in the SEAR exhibits special epidemiological characteristics such as "forest malaria" and malaria due to migration across international borders. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has been a focal-point for the emergence of drug resistant malaria. With the recent emergence of artemisinin resistance, coupled with the limited availability of insecticides, malaria control efforts in the SEAR face a steep challenge. Indirect man-made factors such as climate change, as well as direct man-made factors such as the circulation of counterfeit drugs have added to the problem. Increased monitoring, surveillance, pharmacovigilance as well as cross-border collaboration are required to address these problems. Regional networking and data-sharing will keep all stakeholders updated about the status of various malaria control programmes in the SEAR. Cutting-edge technologies such as GIS/GPS (geographical information system/global positioning system) systems and mobile phones can provide information in "real-time". A holistic and sustained approach to malaria control by integrated vector management (IVM) is suggested, in which all the stakeholder countries work collaboratively as a consortium. This approach will address the malaria problem in a collective manner so that malaria control can be sustained over time.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) & tissue transglutaminase (anti-TTG) antibodies in patients with thyroid autoimmunity
RK Marwaha, MK Garg, N Tandon, Ratnesh Kanwar, A Narang, A Sastry, A Saberwal, Kuntal Bhadra
January 2013, 137(1):82-86
PMID
:23481055
Background & objectives:
Several autoimmune disorders have been reported to be associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and may coexist with other organ-specific autoantibodies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of tissue transglutaminase (anti-TTG) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies in patients suffering from autoimmune thyroiditis as diagnosed by anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies, which may indicate high risk for developing celiac disease or type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Methods:
Five thousand children and 2800 adults were screening as part of a general health examination done on a voluntary basis in four different parts of Delhi. A total of 577 subjects positive for anti-TPO antibody constituted the cases. Equal number of age and sex matched anti-TPO antibody negative controls were randomly selected from the same cohort to form paired case control study. The cases and controls were further divided into two groups as follows: group-1 (children and adolescent <18 yr), group-2 (adults >18 yr). Serum samples of cases and controls were analysed for thyroid function test (FT3, FT4, and TSH), anti-TTG and anti-GAD antibodies.
Results:
A total of 1154 subjects (577 cases and 577 controls) were included in this study. Hypothyroidism was present in 40.2 per cent (232) cases compared to only 4.7 per cent (27) in controls (
P
<0.001). Anti-TTG and anti-GAD antibodies were present in 6.9 and 12.5 per cent subjects among cases compared to 3.5 per cent (
P
=0.015) and 4.3 per cent (
P=
0.001) in controls, respectively. Only anti-GAD antibody were significantly positive in cases among children and adolescents (
P
=0.0044) and adult (
P
=0.001) compared to controls. Levels of anti-TTG and anti-GAD antibodies increased with increasing titre of anti-TPO antibody.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Our findings showed high positivity of anti-GAD and anti-TTG antibodies among subjects with thyroid autoimmunity. It is, therefore, important to have high clinical index of suspicion for celiac disease or type 1 diabetes mellitus in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
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EDITORIALS
The invisible ones: Sexual minorities
Suresh Bada Math, Shekhar P Seshadri
January 2013, 137(1):4-6
PMID
:23481045
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Pathogenesis of tropical sprue: A pilot study of antroduodenal manometry, duodenocaecal transit time & fat-induced ileal brake
Uday C Ghoshal, Sunil Kumar, Asha Misra, Gourdas Choudhuri
January 2013, 137(1):63-72
PMID
:23481053
Background & objectives:
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) due to ileal brake-induced hypomotility may cause tropical sprue (TS). We evaluated effect of infusion of fat or placebo in duodenum randomly in patients with TS and healthy controls on antroduodenal manometry (ADM) and mediators of ileal brake, and duodenocaecal transit time (DCTT).
Methods:
ADM and DCTT (lactulose hydrogen breath test, HBT) were evaluated with placebo and fat in eight controls and 13 patients with TS (diagnostic criteria: tests showing malabsorption of two unrelated substances, abnormal duodenal histology, absence of other causes, response to antibiotics and folate).
Results:
Patients with TS (6 had SIBO by glucose HBT) were similar in age and gender with controls. After fat infusion, proximal gut motility index (MI) was reduced compared to fasting state in TS, and DCTT was longer in TS than controls (200 min, 120-380 vs. 130, 70-160,
P
=0.001), though comparable after placebo (70 min, 30-140 vs. 60, 40-90). TS patients had higher PYY and neurotensin than controls after fat infusion. DCTT after fat infusion correlated with plasma level of PYY in TS but not in controls. Post-fat PYY and neurotensin levels were higher in TS with lower BMI (<16 kg/m
[2]
) than those with higher BMI. Parameters of ileal brake (post-fat DCTT, PYY and neurotensin) were higher in patients with than without SIBO.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Fat infusion reduced proximal gut MI, increased DCTT, PYY, and neurotensin among patients with TS. Malabsorbed fat might cause exaggerated ileal brake reducing gut motility, promoting SIBO and bacterial colonization and malabsorption in TS.
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Evaluation of anti-fatigue activity of total saponins of
Radix notoginseng
Xu Yong-xin, Zhang Jian-jun
January 2013, 137(1):151-155
PMID
:23481065
Background & objectives:
Several biological activities of total saponins of
Radix notoginseng
(TSRN), a trational Chinese medicine have been reported. The present study was carried out to investigate anti-fatigue activity of TSRN in male Kunming mice.
Methods:
Mice were divided into four groups. The first group designated as control group was administered with distilled water by gavage every day. The second, third and fourth groups designated as TSRN treatment groups were administered with TSRN of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively. The treatment continued for 28 days. Exhaustive swimming time, blood lactate and tissue glycogen contents of mice after swimming were determined.
Results:
TSRN extended exhaustive swimming time of mice, effectively delayed the increase of lactate in the blood, as well as increased the tissue glycogen contents.
Interpretation & conclusions:
TSRN showed promising anti-fatigue activity in animal model. However, further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism of the effect of TSRN on fatigue.
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1,639
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Identification of a threshold for biomass exposure index for chronic bronchitis in rural women of Mysore district, Karnataka, India
PA Mahesh, BS Jayaraj, AK Prabhakar, SK Chaya, R Vijaysimha
January 2013, 137(1):87-94
PMID
:23481056
Background & objectives:
Exposure to air pollution due to combustion of biomass fuels remains one of the significant risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis. There is a need to identify the minimum threshold level of biomass index that is significantly associated with chronic bronchitis. This study was undertaken to identify a threshold for biomass exposure index in a rural women population in Mysore district, south India.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative population of Mysore and Nanjangud
taluks
. Eight villages each from Mysore and Nanjangud were randomly selected based on the list of villages from census 2001. A house-to-house survey was carried out by trained field workers using the Burden of Obstructive Diseases questionnaire, which evaluated the biomass smoke exposure and chronic bronchitis. All the women aged above 30 yr were included in the study.
Results:
A total of 2011 women from Mysore and 1942 women from Nanjangud participated in the study. All women were non-smoking and used biomass fuels as the primary fuel for cooking. A threshold of biomass fuel exposure of 60 was identified on multivariate analysis in Mysore district after adjusting for age, passive smoking and working in a occupational exposure to dust, as the minimum required for a significant association with chronic bronchitis. One in every 20 women in Mysore district exposed to biomass fuel exposure index of 110 or more developed chronic bronchitis.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The minimum threshold of biomass exposure index of 60 is necessary to have a significant risk of developing chronic bronchitis in women. The number needed to harm to develop chronic bronchitis reduces with increasing biomass exposure index and women residing in rural Nanjangud have a higher risk for developing chronic bronchitis as compared to women in Mysore.
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Does buprenorphine maintenance improve the quality of life of opioid users?
A Dhawan, A Chopra
January 2013, 137(1):130-135
PMID
:23481062
Background & objectives:
The quality of life (QOL) of substance abusers is known to be severely impaired. Information on impact of opioid maintenance treatment on the QOL of opioid dependent subjects though available from the developed countries, is lacking from India. This study was carried out to assess the impact of buprenorphine maintenance treatment on the quality of life (QOL) of opioid dependent subjects at nine months follow up.
Methods:
Based on specified inclusion criteria a total of 231 subjects were recruited from five participating centres across India. They received sublingual buprenorphine as a directly observed therapy along with brief psychosocial intervention (provided in groups of 8-10 subjects) after intake in to the study. The WHOQOL-BREF scale domain scores obtained at baseline were compared to domain scores at nine months follow up.
Results:
At nine months follow up, among the 64.1 per cent retained in buprenorphine maintenance, there was a significant (
P
<0.001) decline in opioid use from 24.9 ± 10.1 days at baseline to 1.7 ± 4.7 days at nine months follow up and improvements in score of the four WHOQOL-BREF domains (Physical, Psychological, Social relationships and Environment).
Interpretation & conclusions:
The results showed the beneficial effects of buprenorphine maintenance treatment in improving the QOL of opioid-dependent subjects at nine month follow up. These results point towards the need for an expanded nation-wide provision of buprenorphine maintenance treatment as a harm reduction strategy for the opioid dependent population.
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Cytochrome P450 (
CYP2C9*2,*3
) & vitamin-K epoxide reductase complex (
VKORC1 -1639G < A
) gene polymorphisms & their effect on acenocoumarol dose in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement
Anupriya Kaur, Farah Khan, Suraksha S Agrawal, Aditya Kapoor, Surendra K Agarwal, Shubha R Phadke
January 2013, 137(1):203-209
PMID
:23481074
Background & objectives:
Studies have demonstrated the effect of
CYP2C9
(cytochrome P450) and
VKORC1
(vitamin K epoxide reductase complex) gene polymorphisms on the dose of acenocoumarol. The data from India about these gene polymorphisms and their effects on acenocoumarol dose are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of
CYP2C9*2,*3
and
VKORC 1 -1639G>A
gene polymorphisms and to study their effects on the dose of acenocoumarol required to maintain a target International Normalized Ratio (INR) in patients with mechanical heart valve replacement.
Methods:
Patients from the anticoagulation clinic of a tertiary care hospital in north India were studied. The anticoagulation profile, INR (International Normalized Ratio) values and administered acenocoumarol dose were obtained from the clinical records of patients. Determination of the
CYP2C9*2,*3
and
VKORC1 -1639G>A
genotypes was done by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism).
Results:
A total of 111 patients were studied. The genotype frequencies of
CYP2C9
*1/*1,*1/*2,*1/*3 were as 0.883, 0.072, 0.036 and that of
VKORC1
-1639G>A for GG, AG, and AA genotypes were 0.883, 0.090, and 0.027, respectively. The percentage of patients carrying any of the variant alleles of
CYP2C9
and
VKORC1
in heterozygous or homozygous form was 34% among those receiving a low dose of ≤20 mg/wk while it was 13.8 per cent in those receiving >20 mg/wk (
P
=0.014). A tendency of lower dose requirements was seen among carriers of the studied polymorphisms. There was considerable variability in the dose requirements of patients with and without variant alleles. Interpretation & conclusions:
The study findings point towards the role of
CYP2C9
and
VKORC1
gene polymorphisms in determining the inter-individual dose variability of acenocoumarol in the Indian patients with mechanical heart valve replacement.
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SoSoSo or its active ingredient chrysophanol regulates production of inflammatory cytokines & adipokine in both macrophages & adipocytes
Hong-Kun Rim, Phil-Dong Moon, In-Hwa Choi, Eun-Hee Lee, Hyung-Min Kim, Hyun-Ja Jeong
January 2013, 137(1):142-150
PMID
:23481064
Background & objectives:
Obesity is now considered as a major risk factor for the development of fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. SoSoSo is a newly developed dietary supplement made of seven medicinal herbs. This study was aimed at examining the anti-obesity effect of SoSoSo or its active ingredient chrysophanol on the production of inflammatory cytokines and adipokine in macrophyage cell line RAW264 and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Methods:
No release was measured as a form of nitrite by Griess method. The production of inflammatory cytokines and adipokine were measured with the ELISA method. The m-RNA expression of each cytokine and adipokine were measured using RT-PCR. The nuclear proteins for NF-κB were analyzed with western blotting.
Results:
SoSoSo or chrysophanol significantly inhibited the nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264 cells as well as in RAW264 cells-conditioned medium (CM)-treated 3T3-L1 cells. The production of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were inhibited by SoSoSo or chrysophanol. In addition, SoSoSo or chrysophanol inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264 cells. SoSoSo or chrysophanol inhibited the productions of IL-6, TNF-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as well as the reduction of adiponectin production in CM-treated 3T3-L1 cells.
Interpretation & conclusions:
These results suggest a potential of SoSoSo or chrysophanol as a source of anti-inflammatory agent for obesity. Further
in vivo
studies would be required to confirm these findings.
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Genetic variability & chemotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil & cisplatin in head & neck cancer patients: a preliminary study
Dipali Dhawan, Harsha Panchal, Shilin Shukla, Harish Padh
January 2013, 137(1):125-129
PMID
:23481061
Background & objectives:
The efficacy and toxicity of a given chemotherapy regimen varies widely among patients due to the inherited variability of genes that are involved in drug metabolism. There are several crucial enzymes identified involving metabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin, which are polymorphic. We studied head and neck cancer patients (n=23) on 5-FU and cisplatin combination therapy attending a tertiary care cancer research institute in Gujarat, India, to understand the effect of a particular genotype on toxicity.
Methods:
The patients were genotyped for dihydropyrimidine (
DPYD)
(85T>C, IVS14+1G>A, 2846A>T, 2194G>A), thymidylate synthase (
TYMS
) [28bp tandem repeat in the promoter enhancer region (
TSER
)], methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (
MTHFR)
(677C>T, 1298A>C), glutathione S-transferase P1(
GSTP1
) (Ile105Val), glutathione S-transferase T1 (
GSTT1
) (null allele) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (
GSTM1
) (null allele) by multiplex allele-specific PCR and long range PCR.
Results:
Of the 23 (19 males 4 females, age range 18-16 yr) patients, two had grade 3 and 4 toxicity while the remaining 21 had 0 to 2 grade toxicity after treatment with 5-FU and cisplatin combination therapy. An association between the genotype of
GSTM1
(+/- and -/-) and the toxicity of cisplatin (
P
=0.043) was observed.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The findings of this preliminary study suggested an association between the variants of
GSTM1
and toxicity observed due to cisplatin. Well planned studies on a large sample of head and neck cancer patients need to be conducted to understand the effects of these genetic variants on toxicity and efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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A hospital based study of biochemical markers of bone turnovers & bone mineral density in north Indian women
Ashok Kumar, Salam Gyaneshwori Devi, Soniya Mittal, Deepak Kumar Shukla, Shashi Sharma
January 2013, 137(1):48-56
PMID
:23481051
Background & objectives:
The osteoporotic risk for women increases soon after menopause. Bone turnover markers are known to be associated with bone loss and fracture risk. This study was aimed to assess bone turnover using bone markers and their correlation with bone mineral density (BMD) in pre- and post-menopausal women.
Methods:
A total of 255 healthy women (160 pre- and 95 post-menopausal) were enrolled. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase (sBAP) and serum N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) were measured to evaluate the bone formation and resorption, respectively. Bone mineral density was determined at lumbar spine (L2-L4) anteroposteriorly, femoral neck and Ward's triangle using Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) system. The comparison of years since menopause with respect to BMD and bone markers was also evaluated.
Results:
NTX and sBAP showed significant negative correlation with BMD of femur neck and Ward's triangle in postmenopausal women. BMD of all three sides were significant variables for NTX and BMD of femur neck and Ward's triangle for sBAP in postmenopausal women. BMD lumbar spine was a significant variable for sBAP in premenopausal women. The mean values of NTX increased significantly with increase in the duration of years since menopause. The BMD of all three sides decreased significantly with increase in the duration of years since menopause.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Serum NTX and sBAP were inversely correlated to BMD of femur neck and Ward's triangle in post-menopausal women. Simultaneous measurements of NTX and BMD in the north Indian women, suggest that bone resorption in women with low BMD remains high after menopause.
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Drug resistant
Shigella flexneri
in & around Dibrugarh, north-east India
Reema Nath, Lahari Saikia, Gargi Choudhury, Daisy Sharma
January 2013, 137(1):183-186
PMID
:23481070
Background & objectives:
Shigella flexneri
is the most common species of
Shigella
causing diarrhoea and dysentery in Asia including India. Multidrug resistance in
Shigella
species has been reported worldwide and there is rising concern regarding development of fluoroquinolone resistance. This study was undertaken to find out the resistance pattern of
Sh. flexneri
, the commonest shigella isolated in Dibrugarh, north east India, including detection of fluoroquinolone resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamases.
Methods:
Stool samples collected from patients of diarrhoea and dysentery were tested for bacterial enteropathogens. Strains of
Shigella
species were confirmed by biochemical tests. Speciation was done using commercially available polyvalent antiserum. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against 18 different antibiotics. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) detection was done by disc approximation test as well as combination disc method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different antibiotics were also measured.
Results:
Multidrug resistance in
Sh. flexneri
was found to be common (90.2%) and the commonest phenotypic multi-drug resistance profile was ampicillin-tetracycline-co-trimoxazole-nalidixic acid. High resistance to nalidixic acid was detected in 90.3 per cent isolates (MIC >240 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin resistance was seen emerging in this region (11.2%, MIC >4 μg/ml). Present of ESBL was phenotypically confirmed in two cases. Besides the fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, piperacillin-tazobactum and the third generation cephalosporins were effective in 87-100 per cent of the isolates.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Our study showed high resistance (MIC >240 μg/ml) against nalidixic acid in
Sh. flexneri
isolates. Ciprofloxacin resistance is also emerging in this region. Shigellosis due to ESBL carrying
Shigella
can become a serious threat to public health. Guidelines for therapy should be monitored and modified based on regional reports of resistance to antimicrobial agents.
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1,185
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COMMENTARIES
Bone health status in Indian women
Anuradha V Khadilkar, Neha A Kajale
January 2013, 137(1):7-9
PMID
:23481046
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1,147
346
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A study of acceptability & feasibility of integrating humanities based study modules in undergraduate curriculum
Anil Gurtoo, Piyush Ranjan, Ritika Sud, Archana Kumari
January 2013, 137(1):197-202
PMID
:23481073
Background & objectives:
The field of medical education in our country remains deeply fragmented and polarised between the biomedical technical domains which are overrepresented and the humanitarian domains which are under-represented within the universe of medical pedagogy. To overcome this imbalance, we designed a module that integrates the two domains in a holistic biomedical and socio-cultural framework with the objective of providing unified field of learning experience to the undergraduate medical students attending rotatory clinical postings in a medical college in New Delhi, India.
Methods:
Undergraduate medical students of 6
th
and 8
th
semesters were enrolled in humanities based study module (HSM) on voluntary basis for a total duration of six months. During their compulsory rotatory medicine ward posting, they were introduced and exposed to learning bedside experience of HSM with various tools of art and literature in the form of poem, short narratives, paintings, sketches and group discussions to express their feelings about patients' sufferings. Students' feed-back was recorded through an anonymized questionnaire.
Result:
Of the 235 students, 223 (95%) enrolled themselves voluntarily and 94 per cent (210 of 223) of them completed the total six month duration of the study module. Seventy three per cent of the students found HSM effective in improving their affective motivational behavior, 82 per cent found it effective in motivating them to learn more about core medical subjects, and 85 per cent wanted its continuation as part of medical curriculum.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The positive response of the students towards the HSM was an indicator of the potential for integrating the module within the undergraduate medical curriculum.
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1,205
274
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Effects of
Kaempferia parviflora
Wall. Ex. Baker on electrophysiology of the swine hearts
Punate Weerateerangkul, Sirirat Surinkaew, Siriporn C Chattipakorn, Nipon Chattipakorn
January 2013, 137(1):156-163
PMID
:23481066
Background & objectives:
Pre-clinical studies in swine have demonstrated that a supratherapeutic concentration of sildenafil citrate decreased defibrillation efficacy and facilitated cardiac arrhythmia. We therefore, decided to investigate the effects of
Kaempferia parviflora
(KP) extract on these parameters in the swine heart. The underlying assumption was that in the heart, KP might be producing effects similar to sildanafil citrate as KP has long been used in southeast Asian traditional medicine to correct erectile dysfunction.
Methods:
The study was conducted as the defibrillation study, and ventricular fibrillation (VF) induction study. In both studies, the defibrillation threshold (DFT), the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) and VF threshold were determined before and after KP extract administration.
Results:
In both studies KP extract at high concentrations (100 and 50 mg/kg) significantly increased the DFT and ULV, without altering the VF threshold. At these concentrations, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also attenuated.
Interpretation & conclusions:
High concentrations of KP extract attenuated defibrillation efficacy and increased cardiac vulnerability to arrhythmia in a normal swine heart. When used in appropriate concentrations, its blood pressure lowering effect may be useful in hypertensive states. Further studies need to be done to elucidate its mechanism of action.
[ABSTRACT]
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1,162
306
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In vivo
oxalate degradation by liposome encapsulated oxalate oxidase in rat model of hyperoxaluria
Tulika Dahiya, Cs Pundir
January 2013, 137(1):136-141
PMID
:23481063
Background & objectives:
High level of urinary oxalate substantially increases the risk of hyperoxaluria, a significant risk factor for urolithiasis. The primary goal of this study was to reduce urinary oxalate excretion employing liposome encapsulated oxalate oxidase in animal model.
Methods:
A membrane bound oxalate oxidase was purified from
Bougainvillea
leaves. The enzyme in its native form was less effective at the physiological
p
H of the recipient animal. To increase its functional viability, the enzyme was immobilized on to ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA). Rats were injected with liposome encapsulated EMA- oxalate oxidase and the effect was observed on degradation of oxalic acid.
Results:
The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with 60-fold purification and 31 per cent yield. The optimum
p
H of EMA-derivative enzyme was 6.0 and it showed 70 per cent of its optimal activity at
p
H 7.0. The EMA-bound enzyme encapsulated into liposome showed greater oxalate degradation in 15 per cent casein vitamin B
6
deficient fed rats as compared with 30 per cent casein vitamin B
6
deficient fed rats and control rats.
Interpretation & conclusions:
EMA-oxalate oxidase encapsulated liposome caused oxalate degradation in experimental hyperoxaluria indicating that the enzyme could be used as a therapeutic agent in hyperoxaluria leading to urinary stones.
[ABSTRACT]
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1,133
306
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Renal expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in patients with chronic kidney disease: a clinicopathologic study from nephrectomized kidneys
Tung-Wei Hung, Jia-Hung Liou, Kun-Tu Yeh, Jen-Pi Tsai, Sheng-Wen Wu, Hui-Chun Tai, Wei-Tse Kao, Shu-Hui Lin, Ya-Wen Cheng, Horng-Rong Chang
January 2013, 137(1):102-110
PMID
:23481058
Background & objectives:
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis. However, the relationship of HIF-1α expression intensity in human renal tissue with the degree of renal function or renal fibrosis has not been investigated. We therefore, undertook this study to assess the relationship between HIF-1α expression and degree of renal impairment and renal fibrosis using renal tissue from nephrectomized kidneys from patients with chronic kidney disease.
Methods:
This retrospective study was performed with 70 patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral nephrectomy because of renal cell carcinoma, urothelial cell carcinoma, or renal abscess. Immunohistochemical analysis of HIF-1α expression in non-tumourous or non-abscess renal parenchyma was performed. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=37) with low intensity HIF-1α expression and group 2 (n=33) with high intensity HIF-1α expression.
Results:
The intensity of renal HIF-1α expression was significantly associated with serum creatinine level (
P
=0.005), estimated glomerular filtration rate (
P
=0.02), fibrosis score of the interstitium (
P
=0.004) and glomerular sclerosis (
P=0.013). A high intensity of HIF-1α expression tended to be associated with lower serum creatinine, higher estimated glomerular filtration rate, low interstitial fibrosis score and low glomerular sclerosis. In addition, multivariate analysis by step-wise logistic regression demonstrated that interstitial fibrosis was the only independent factor associated with the intensity of renal HIF-1α expression (OR 4.107, CI 1.535-11.313, P
=0.005). Interpretation & conclusions:
This study demonstrated a correlation between intensity of HIF-1α expression and degree of renal interstitial fibrosis. The association demonstrated an elevated HIF-1α expression in less severe kidney disease. The intensity of HIF-1α renal expression plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease.
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1,000
388
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Estrogen mediated protection of cytoskeleton against oxidative stress
Darshini A Ganatra, Kaid S.R Johar, Trilok J Parmar, Alpesh R Patel, S Rajkumar, Anshul I Arora, Forum B Kayastha, Anuradha K Pal, Devarshi U Gajjar, Abhay R Vasavada
January 2013, 137(1):117-124
PMID
:23481060
Background & objectives:
Cytoskeletal proteins are deregulated during oxidative stress and cataract formation. However, estrogen which protects against cataract formation and harmful effects of oxidative stress has not been tested on the cytoskeleton of lens epithelial cells (LECs). The current study was undertaken to assess if the protection rendered to LECs by estrogen was mediated by preserving the cytoskeletal proteins.
Methods:
Oxidative stress was induced by 50 μM of H
2
O
2
in cultured goat LECs (gLECs) and effect of 1 μM 17β-estradiol (E
2
) was tested. After treatment, morphological analysis of cells was carried out using haematoxylin-eosin staining and cell density was also quantified. Cell viability was determined using Hoechst (Ho), YO-Pro (YP) and propidium iodide (PI). F-actin and vimentin were localized using phalloidin and anti-vimentin antibody, respectively, and viewed under fluorescence microscopy. Vimentin was further analysed at protein level by Western blotting.
Results:
H
2
O
2
led to increased condensation of nucleus, cell death and apoptosis but these were prevented with pre- and co-treatment of E
2
with increase in cell viability (
P
<0.001). E
2
also prevented H
2
O
2
mediated depolymerization of cytoskeleton but was not able to reverse the changes when given after induction of oxidative stress.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Our findings showed that E
2
helped in preventing deteriorating effect of H
2
O
2
, inhibited cell death, apoptosis and depolymerisation of cytoskeletal proteins in LECs. However, the exact mechanism by which estrogen renders this protection to cytoskeleton of lens epithelial cells remains to be determined.
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1,078
301
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CLINICAL IMAGES
Beau's lines
G Sivaram Naik, J Harikrishna
January 2013, 137(1):220-220
PMID
:23481079
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1,100
260
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EDITORIALS
Leprosy: making good progress but hidden challenges remain
W Cairns S Smith
January 2013, 137(1):1-3
PMID
:23481044
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918
366
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Comparative analysis of the genomes of
Shigella dysenteriae
type 2 & type 7 isolates
Partha Pal, Arunima Pal, Swapan Kumar Niyogi, T Ramamurthy, Rupak K Bhadra
January 2013, 137(1):169-177
PMID
:23481068
Background & objectives:
The four species of the genus
Shigella
, namely,
S. dysenteriae
,
S. flexneri, S. boydii
and
S. sonnei
cause a wide spectrum of illness from watery diarrhoea to severe dysentery. Genomes of these four species show great diversity. In this study,
Not
I,
Xba
I or I-
Ceu
I restriction enzyme digested genomes of two
Shigella dysenteriae
isolates belonging to the serotypes 2 and 7 were extensively analyzed to find their relatedness, if any, with the whole genome sequenced strains of
S. dysenteriae
type 1 and
S. flexneri
type 2a.
Methods:
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique was used to determine the diversity of
Shigella
genomes by rapid construction of physical maps. DNA end labelling, Southern hybridization and PCR techniques were also applied for mapping purposes.
Results:
The intron-coded enzyme I-
Ceu
I cuts the bacterial genome specifically at its
rrn
operon. PFGE of I-
Ceu
I digested
S. dysenteriae
genomes were found to carry seven
rrn
operons. However, I-
Ceu
I profiles showed distinct restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) between the isolates as well as with the whole genome sequenced isolates. Further studies revealed that the genome sizes and I-
Ceu
I linkage maps of the
S. dysenteriae
type 7 and type 2 isolates were similar to that of
S. dysenteriae
type 1 and
S. flexneri
type 2a genomes, respectively.
Interpretation & conclusions:
Our findings indicate that the type 7 and type 1 isolates of
S. dysenteriae
were probably evolved from a same precursor, while the type 2 and
S. flexneri
type 2a were probably evolved and diversified from a common progenitor.
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1,004
241
-
In vitro
susceptibility of
Campylobacter jejuni
from Kuwait to tigecycline & other antimicrobial agents
M John Albert
January 2013, 137(1):187-190
PMID
:23481071
Background & objectives:
There is an increasing frequency of resistance of
Campylobacter jejuni
to antimicrobial agents making treatment difficult. In this study, the
in vitro
susceptibility of
C. jejuni
isolates collected over an eight year period was tested against tigecycline, a glycylcycline, the previously tested antimicrobial agents in Kuwait, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline, and other antimicrobial agents not previously tested in Kuwait, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, imipenem and meropenem.
Methods:
A total of 97
C. jejuni
isolates from diarrhoeal stools of Kuwaiti patients during 2002-2010 were studied for susceptibility to the above antimicrobial agents by E test.
Results:
Erythromycin resistance increased from 5.0 per cent in 2002-2003 to 13.8 per cent in 2007-2010. The figures for ciprofloxacin resistance for the same periods were 53 and 65.5 per cent, respectively. Tetracycline resistance increased from 40.0 per cent in 2003-2006 to 62.1 per cent in 2007-2010 (
P=
0.05). However, all isolates were uniformly susceptible to tigecycline and other antimicrobial agents.
Interpretation & conclusions:
There was a progressive increase in the prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline. As all isolates were uniformly susceptible to tigecycline, this antimicrobial agent can be considered as a potential candidate for treatment in clinical studies.
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933
294
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BOOK REVIEW
Basic methods of medical research
KR Sundaram
January 2013, 137(1):221-222
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911
298
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New drugs and targets for asthma and COPD
Sujith J Chandy
January 2013, 137(1):222-223
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846
277
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Effect of number of abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values on birthweight in women with gestational diabetes
Nermin Kösüs, Aydin Kösüs, Müzeyyen Duran, Nilgün Ö Turhan
January 2013, 137(1):95-101
PMID
:23481057
Background & objectives:
To examine the effect of abnormal oral glucose loading (OGL) and number of abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values on foetal weight in Turkish pregnant women.
Methods:
This retrospective study included 810 pregnant women between 24 and 28 wk of gestation who were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women were grouped according to degree of glucose intolerance and compared for clinical, biochemical parameters. Women who delivered macrosomic infants were compared with those who delivered normal infants.
Results:
GDM was detected in 70 (8.6%) women. Median age and infant birthweight of GDM cases were higher than the other groups. Infants of women with GDM weighted 200 g more than infants of non-GDM cases. No difference was found in terms of birthweight between diabetes cases with 2, 3 or 4 OGTT values abnormality.
Interpretation & conclusions:
The number of abnormal OGTT values in GDM cases had no effect on foetal weight. Macrosomia was observed more in GDM cases than in non-GDM cases. Birthweight was significantly higher in women with GDM despite the therapy used for regulation of blood glucose. This may be related to ethnical, dietary, nutritional differences, and treatment compliance in our study population.
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895
202
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Modulation of the norfloxacin resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
by
Cordia verbenaceae
DC
Edinardo F.F Matias, Karla K. A Santos, Vivyanne S Falcão-Silva, José P Siqueira-Júnior, José G. M Costa, Henrique D.M Coutinho
January 2013, 137(1):178-182
PMID
:23481069
Background & objectives:
Several chemical compounds isolated from natural sources have antibacterial activity and some enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics reversing the natural resistance of bacteria to certain antibiotics. In this study, the hexane and methanol extract of
Cordia verbenaceae
were assessed for antibacterial activity alone and combinated with norfloxacin against the
Staphylococcus aureus
strain SA1199B.
Methods:
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts was assayed using microdilution assay and the modulatory activity was evaluated using plate diffusion assay.
Results:
The MIC observed varied between 256 to >1024 μg/ml. However, the antibiotic activity of norfloxacin was enhanced in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of hexane extract of
C. verbenaceae
(HECV).
Interpretations & conclusions:
Our results indicate that
Cordia verbenaceae DC.
can be a source of plant derived products with antibiotic modifying activity.
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840
253
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COMMENTARIES
Tropical sprue: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma
BS Ramakrishna
January 2013, 137(1):12-14
PMID
:23481048
[FULL TEXT]
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[PubMed]
799
293
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Genotyping of erythromycin resistant group C & G streptococci isolated in Chennai, south India
D Prabu, Thangam Menon
January 2013, 137(1):164-168
PMID
:23481067
Background & objectives:
Increasing resistance to erythromycin has been observed worldwide in group C and group G streptococci (GCS/GGS). The information available from India is scanty. The aim of the study was to identify erythromycin resistant GCS/GGS isolates in Chennai, south India, and to compare erythromycin resistant genotypes with
emm
types.
Methods:
One hundred and thirty one GCS/GGS isolates were tested for erythromycin resistance by disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. Erythromycin resistance genotypes [
erm
(A),
erm
(B) and
mef
(A)] were determined by a multiplex PCR.
emm
types of erythromycin resistant GCS/GGS isolates was also assessed using
emm
gene sequencing method.
Results:
Sixteen of the 131 isolates (12.21%) were resistant to erythromycin. Majority of the isolates were GGS (15/16). Eight of the 16 (50%) were
S
.
dysgalactiae
subsps.
equisimilis.
Twelve isolates (75%) were MLS
B
phenotype and four (25%) were M phenotype. Of the 12 isolates which exhibited MLS
B
resistance, seven showed cMLS
B
phenotype and were positive for
erm
(B) gene. The remaining five were iMLS
B
phenotype of which three were positive for
erm
(A) gene and two for
erm
(B) gene.
erm
(A) was common among carriers whereas
erm
(B) was common among clinical isolates.
Interpretation & conclusions:
MLS
B
was the predominant phenotype and
erm
(B) was the common genotype in the present study. The
emm
type
stC1400.0
was frequently associated with erythromycin resistant GCS/GGS in our study.
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250
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CORRESPONDENCES
Long term non progressors (LTNP) with vertically infected HIV children - a report from western India
Ira Shah, Meghna Nadiger
January 2013, 137(1):210-212
PMID
:23481075
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
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[PubMed]
826
229
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CLINICAL IMAGES
Double headed conjoined twin - Autopsy findings
LC Prasanna, CM Ramesh
January 2013, 137(1):219-219
PMID
:23481078
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
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[EPub]
[PubMed]
788
204
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CORRESPONDENCES
Metallo-β-lactamase 1 - why blame New Delhi & India?
Prasanta Raghab Mohapatra
January 2013, 137(1):213-215
PMID
:23481076
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
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[PubMed]
706
246
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Challenges in detection of AmpC β-lactamases among
Enterobacteriaceae
Noyal Mariya Joseph, Shanthi Mathias
January 2013, 137(1):216-217
PMID
:23481077
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
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[PubMed]
677
271
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COMMENTARIES
Three dimensional (3D) CT reconstruction in cancer imaging
V Rangarajan
January 2013, 137(1):10-11
PMID
:23481047
[FULL TEXT]
[PDF]
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[EPub]
[PubMed]
706
241
-
BOOK REVIEW
A primer of neuroimmunological disease
UK Misra
January 2013, 137(1):222-222
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623
204
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CORRESPONDENCES
Authors' response
Anand Manoharan, S Madhan
January 2013, 137(1):217-218
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503
175
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ARTICLE
Visceral leishmaniasis - current therapeutic modalities
January 2013, 137(1):235-242
Full text not available
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441
230
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MOST CITED ARTICLES
Most Cited Article
January 2013, 137(1):234-234
Full text not available
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338
215
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SOME FORTHCOMING SCIENTIFIC EVENTS
Some Forthcoming Scientific Events
January 2013, 137(1):224-224
Full text not available
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288
227
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IJMR CLASSIC
Isolation of west nile virus from
Culex fatigans
mosquitoes from western India
January 2013, 137(1):227-232
Full text not available
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322
182
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Online since 25 February, 2011