|
|
 |
| STUDENT IJMR |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 141
| Issue : 3 | Page : 354-357 |
|
Stress, anxiety & depression among medical undergraduate students & their socio-demographic correlates
Shawaz Iqbal1, Sandhya Gupta1, E Venkatarao2
1 Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, S 'O' A University, Bhubaneswar, India
2 Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, S 'O' A University, Bhubaneswar, India
| Date of Web Publication | 7-May-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr E Venkatarao
Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, S 'O' A University, K8, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar 751 003, Odisha
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.156571
 Abstract | | |
Background & objectives: Presence of psychological morbidity in medical undergraduate students has been reported from various countries across the world. Indian studies to document this burden are very few. Therefore, the presence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical undergraduate students was assessed using a previously validated and standardized instrument, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) and the associations with their socio-demographic and personal characteristics were identified.
Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, a self-administered, pre-designed, pre-tested anonymous questionnaire including DASS 42 was used to collect information on basic socio-demographic (age, gender, semester) and personal characteristics (alcohol and tobacco use, academic performance). All students present on the day of survey were contacted for participation after obtaining informed written consent. Scores for each of the respondents over each of the sub-scales (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) were calculated as per the severity-rating index.
Results: More than half of the respondents were affected by depression (51.3%), anxiety (66.9%) and stress (53%). Morbidity was found to be more in 5 th semester students rather than students of 2 nd semester. Females reported higher score as compared to their male counterparts. Perception of self assessment in academics was strongly associated with the higher score.
Conclusions: A substantial proportion of medical undergraduate students was found to be depressed, anxious and stressed revealing a neglected area of the students' psychology requiring urgent attention. Student counselling services need to be made available and accessible to curb this morbidity. Keywords: Anxiety - DASS 42 - depression - medical students - stress
How to cite this article:
Iqbal S, Gupta S, Venkatarao E. Stress, anxiety & depression among medical undergraduate students & their socio-demographic correlates. Indian J Med Res 2015;141:354-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Iqbal S, Gupta S, Venkatarao E. Stress, anxiety & depression among medical undergraduate students & their socio-demographic correlates. Indian J Med Res [serial online] 2015 [cited 2020 Nov 30];141:354-7. Available from: https://www.ijmr.org.in/text.asp?2015/141/3/354/156571 |
Medical education can impose significant psychological stress on undergraduates [1] . Considerable degree of psychological morbidity has been reported among medical students ranging from stress, interpersonal problems and suicidal ideation to psychiatric disorders [2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7] and they tend to have greater psychological distress than the general population [5] . We undertook this study to determine the presence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical undergraduates studying in a premier medical institution in Odisha (eastern India) and their socio-demographic correlates were also assessed.
| Material & Methods | |  |
This study was conducted in the Institute of Medical Sciences at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, during July-August 2012. Students (both male and female) enrolled for at least six months prior to study and were present on the day of the survey were requested for participation. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee.
In this corss-sectional survey, a self-administered, pre-designed, pre-tested anonymous questionnaire (in English language) was distributed after obtaining an informed written consent from each participant. Information was collected on basic socio-demographic (like age, gender and semester) and personal characteristics (like alcohol and tobacco use, academic performance). A previously validated and standardized survey instrument, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) [8] was used to assess information on depression, anxiety and stress.
The data were analyzed with SPSS v20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Continuous data were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation (SD). Means were compared using Student t test and ANOVA. Correlations between continuous variables were calculated using Pearson's correlation test. Multivariable step-wise linear regression analysis was carried out to find the role of each significant variable in determining the relevant sub-scale scores.
| Results & Discussion | | |
Among the 353 respondents, 145 (41.1%) were males. The mean age of males was 21.38 ± 1.71 yr and that of females was 20.43 ± 1.37 yr. The mean non-response rate to questions of DASS scale was 3.26 ± 2.1 per cent (range = 0.28 to 8.28%). Based on score ranges from the DASS manual, 62 (17.5%) students had severe or extremely severe depression. This percentage was 33.4 per cent for anxiety and 13.1 per cent for stress. The mean scores of depression and stress for all students were found to be at mild level and the scores of anxiety at moderate level ([Table 1]).  | Table 1: Severity distribution of DASS scores (%) among medical undergraduate students (n=353)
Click here to view |
Univariate analysis ([Table 2]) showed that higher scores of depression, anxiety and stress was associated with female gender, lower semester, younger age and non smokers, Students who were satisfied with their education had lower depression, anxiety and stress scores. Though the scores were higher among non-alcoholics the difference was not significant. | Table 2: Univariate analysis of association of DASS scores with socio-demographic and personal characteristics among medical undergraduate students
Click here to view |
Multivariable linear regression showed ([Table 3]) that semester was a significant predictor of all the three subscales and gender predicted only the stress sub-scale. The variables, which were used in regression, explained only 7.7 per cent of depression, 7.9 per cent of anxiety and 9.1 per cent of stress. | Table 3: Multivariable linear regression analysis of association of DASS scores with socio-demographic and personal characteristics among medical undergraduate students
Click here to view |
Medical school training is intended to prepare graduates for a personally rewarding and socially meaningful career. However, reports have shown that this is a time of great personal distress for physicians-in-training [5] . It has long been recognized as involving numerous stressors that can affect the wellbeing of the students [9] . Our study also showed that there was a considerable level of depression, anxiety and stress in our setting revealing a neglected area of the students' psychology requiring urgent attention. Our sample of students had higher mean depression, anxiety and stress scores compared with previously published data [10] using DASS subscales.
Fifth semester students had highest depression, anxiety and stress scores as compared to others. Similar findings have been reported earlier [11],[12],[13] . This may be attributed to greater fear of not attaining their goal of being a doctor or may be due to excessive load of both paraclinical and clinical subjects as compared to only clinical subjects in the latter years.
Consistent with other studies [12],[13] female respondents had reported higher scores of depression, anxiety and stress compared with their male counterparts. This may be due to the fact that women articulate depressive symptoms, even minor ones, more easily [14] . However, regression analysis showed significant association only in case of stress scores. Contrary to earlier findings [15] , the association of abuse of alcohol or the habit of smoking was not associated with any of the morbidity, which could be due to small number of respondents.
Student distress may influence professional development and adversely impact academic performance contributing to academic dishonesty and substance abuse, and may play a role in attrition from medical school [5] . Other studies on medical school graduates also suggest that distress may negatively affect quality of patient care, patient safety [15] , and professionalism [16] .
In conclusion, more than half of the medical undergraduate students were found to be affected by depression, anxiety and stress. There is a need for the counselling services to be made available to the students in the medical college to control this morbidity.
| References | | |
| 1. | Mosley TH Jr, Perrin SG, Neral SM, Dubbert PM, Grothues CA, Pinto BM. Stress, coping, and well-being among third year medical students. Acad Med 1994; 69 : 765-7.  |
| 2. | Aktekin M, Karaman T, Senol YY, Erdem S, Erengin H, Akaydin M. Anxiety, depression and stressful life events among medical students: a prospective study in Antalya, Turkey. Med Educ 2001; 35 : 12-7. |
| 3. | Chandavarkar U, Azam A, Mathews CA. Anxiety symptoms and perceived performance in medical students. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24 : 103-11. |
| 4. | Eller T, Aluoja A, Vasar V, Veldi M. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in Estonian medical students with sleep problems. Depress Anxiety 2006; 23 : 250-6. |
| 5. | Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Shanafelt TD. Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Acad Med 2006; 81 : 354-73. |
| 6. | Shah M, Hassan S, Malik S, Sreeramareddy CT. Perceived stress, sources and severity of stress among medical undergraduates in a Pakistani Medical School. BMC Med Educ 2010; 10 : 2. |
| 7. | Bayram N, Bilgel N. The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43 : 667-72. |
| 8. | Crawford JR, Henry JD. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol 2003; 42 : 111-31. |
| 9. | Khan MS, Mahmood S, Badshah A, Ali S u0 , Jamal Y. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and their associated factors among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2006; 56 : 583-6. |
| 10. | Bayram N, Bilgel N. The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43 : 667-72. |
| 11. | Kumarswamy N, Ebigbo PO. Stress among second year medical students - A comparative study. Indian J Clin Psychol 1989; 16 : 21-3. |
| 12. | Singh A, Lal A, Shekhar. Prevalence of depression among medical students of a private medical college in India. Online J Health Allied Sci 2010; 9 : 8. |
| 13. | Supe AN. A study of stress in medical students at Seth G.S. Medical College. J Postgrad Med 1998; 44 : 1-6. |
| 14. | Noble RE. Depression in women. Metabolism 2005; 54 : 49-52. |
| 15. | Shanafelt TD, Bradley KA, Wipf JE, Back AL. Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136 : 358-67. |
| 16. | Mareiniss DP. Decreasing GME training stress to foster residents' professionalism. Acad Med 2004; 79 : 825-31. |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students |
|
| Enrique Ramón-Arbués,Vicente Gea-Caballero,José Manuel Granada-López,Raúl Juárez-Vela,Begońa Pellicer-García,Isabel Antón-Solanas | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19): 7001 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Prevalence of depression and anxiety and correlations between depression, anxiety, family functioning, social support and coping styles among Chinese medical students |
|
| Ruyue Shao,Ping He,Bin Ling,Li Tan,Lu Xu,Yanhua Hou,Liangsheng Kong,Yongqiang Yang | | BMC Psychology. 2020; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Prevalence and associated factors of depression among Jimma University students. A cross-sectional study |
|
| Gutema Ahmed,Alemayehu Negash,Habtamu Kerebih,Daniel Alemu,Yonas Tesfaye | | International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2020; 14(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Association of skipping breakfast and different domains of cognitive function among undergraduate medical students: A cross-sectional study |
|
| Twinkle Kerwani,Sandhya Gupta,Venkatarao Epari,Jyotiranjan Sahoo | | Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2020; 64: 137 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Surveying veterinary ophthalmologists to assess the advice given to owners of pets with irreversible blindness |
|
| Andre Tavares Somma,Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira,Ana Isabella Schafaschek,Luisa Gatti,Heidi Featherstone | | Veterinary Record. 2020; 187(4): e30 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Perceived stress and generalized anxiety in the Indian population due to lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Naina Wakode,Santosh Wakode,John Santoshi | | F1000Research. 2020; 9: 1233 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
The Relationship of Respecting Inherent Dignity with Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure |
|
| Kobra Salehi,Farimah Shirani,Vajihe Atashi,Somayeh Ghafari | | Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2020; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Depression, anxiety, and burnout among medical students and residents of a medical school in Nepal: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Nishan Babu Pokhrel,Ramesh Khadayat,Pratikchya Tulachan | | BMC Psychiatry. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Hong Kong |
|
| Ho Wai Queenie Chan,Chui Fun Rachel Sun | | Journal of American College Health. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Dental Students at a Private Brazilian University |
|
| Amanda V. Machado,Camila O. Castro,Carlos R. Botelho Filho,Carolina D. Bruzamolin,Rafaela Scariot,Eduardo Pizzatto,Marilisa C. L. Gabardo | | The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Depression in Mexican medical students: A path model analysis |
|
| Susana Castańos-Cervantes,Alejandro Domínguez-González | | Heliyon. 2020; 6(6): e04178 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Weight-Related Status and Associated Predictors with Psychological Well-being among First-Year University Students in Bangladesh: A Pilot Study |
|
| Md. Saiful Islam,Rejina Akter,Md. Tajuddin Sikder,Mark D. Griffiths | | International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
A Study to Assess the Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students of a Teaching Hospital in South India |
|
| Tinju James | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2020; 7(29): 1438 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Poorer sleep quality correlated with mental health problems in college students: A longitudinal observational study among 686 males |
|
| Peng Zou,Xiaogang Wang,Lei Sun,Kun Liu,Guizhong Hou,Wang Yang,Chang Liu,Huan Yang,Niya Zhou,Guowei Zhang,Xi Ling,Jinyi Liu,Jia Cao,Lin Ao,Qing Chen | | Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2020; 136: 110177 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Factors Associated with Acculturative Stress among International Medical Students |
|
| Magdalena Iorga,Camelia Soponaru,Iulia-Diana Muraru,Sofia Socolov,Florin-Dumitru Petrariu | | BioMed Research International. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Tip Fakültesi Ögrencilerinin Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Düzeyleri ve Iliskili Faktörler |
|
| Ayse PESEN,Atilla Senih MAYDA | | Sakarya Medical Journal. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Impact of Self-Generated Thoughts on Anxiety Symptoms Among University Students:
Mediating Role of Rumination |
|
| Iqra Kiran,Sadaf Ahsan,Sadaf Zaheer,Ayisha Naz | | Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2020; 35(1): 37 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Assessment of minor psychiatric morbidity, stressors, and barriers of seeking help among medical students at the University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan |
|
| Muwada Bashir Awad Bashir,Sara Omer Abdelazim Mohamed,Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai,Fala Bede,Olanrewaju Oladimeji,Joyce Mahlako Tsoka-Gwegweni,Samuel Nambile Cumber | | Pan African Medical Journal. 2020; 35 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Effectiveness of the Community–Academia Student Tutoring (CAST) program in enhancing students’ practice placement readiness |
|
| Miri Tal-Saban,Naomi Weintraub | | British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2019; 82(4): 220 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Mental distress and associated factors among Aksum University students, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Tadis Brhane Tesfahunegn,Etsay Hailu Gebremariam | | BMC Psychiatry. 2019; 19(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
The Use of Yoga to Manage Stress and Burnout in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review |
|
| Rosario Cocchiara,Margherita Peruzzo,Alice Mannocci,Livia Ottolenghi,Paolo Villari,Antonella Polimeni,Fabrizio Guerra,Giuseppe La Torre | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(3): 284 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Establishing and evaluating a Balint group for fourth-year medical students at an Irish University |
|
| Sorcha McManus,David Killeen,Yvonne Hartnett,Gearoid Fitzgerald,Kieran C. Murphy | | Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2019; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
MARMARA ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI ÖGRENCILERINDE STRES VE KISILIK ÖZELLIKLERININ INCELENMESI ÜZERINE KESITSEL BIR ÇALISMA |
|
| Furkan Özel | | Eskisehir Türk Dünyasi Uygulama ve Arastirma Merkezi Halk Sagligi Dergisi. 2019; 4(3): 322 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Changes in body awareness and self-compassion in clinical psychology trainees through a mindfulness program |
|
| Sheila Pintado | | Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2019; 34: 229 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Exploring the implications of a self-care assignment to foster undergraduate nursing student mental health: Findings from a survey research study |
|
| Emily K. Jenkins,Allie Slemon,Kathy OćFlynn-Magee,Jill Mahy | | Nurse Education Today. 2019; 81: 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Self-compassion may reduce anxiety and depression in nursing students: a pathway through perceived stress |
|
| Y. Luo,R. Meng,J. Li,B. Liu,X. Cao,W. Ge | | Public Health. 2019; 174: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Its Association with Sleep Quality among Medical Students |
|
| Ilkay Dogan,Nurhan Dogan | | Ankara Medical Journal. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Web-Based Stress Management Program for University Students in Indonesia: Systematic Cultural Adaptation and Protocol for a Feasibility Study |
|
| Dilfa Juniar,Wouter van Ballegooijen,Eirini Karyotaki,Anneke van Schaik,Jan Passchier,Elena Heber,Dirk Lehr,Sawitri Supardi Sadarjoen,Heleen Riper | | JMIR Research Protocols. 2019; 8(1): e11493 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
The relationship between empathy and stress: a cross-sectional study among undergraduate medical students |
|
| James Wiguna Wahjudi,Ardi Findyartini,Fransiska Kaligis | | Korean Journal of Medical Education. 2019; 31(3): 215 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China |
|
| Ying Mao,Ning Zhang,Jinlin Liu,Bin Zhu,Rongxin He,Xue Wang | | BMC Medical Education. 2019; 19(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis |
|
| Jill Quek,Jill Tam,Jill Tran,Jill Zhang,Jill Zhang,Jill Ho,Jill Ho | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15): 2735 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Escala de Depressăo, Ansiedade e Estresse: propriedades psicométricas e prevalęncia das afetividades |
|
| Bianca Gonzalez Martins,Wanderson Roberto da Silva,Joăo Maroco,Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos | | Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria. 2019; 68(1): 32 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety among medical students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
|
| Mebratu Abraha Kebede,Birke Anbessie,Getinet Ayano | | International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2019; 13(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Prevalence of depressive disorders in general practitioners |
|
| Marina Fišekovic-Kremic,Marija Glavinic-Mijic,Marijana Tomic-Smiljanic | | Opsta medicina. 2019; 24(1-2): 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Stress among medical students in a college of medicine in Saudi Arabia |
|
| Mohammad G. Sehlo,Faten N. Al-Zaben,Doaa A. Khalifa,Abdullah K. Agabawi,Mishal S. Akel,Ismail A. Nemri,Lujain K. Abd Al-Wassie | | Middle East Current Psychiatry. 2018; 25(4): 150 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Examination of the Relationship Among Depressive Symptom, Loneliness and Eating Attitudes in University Students with Sociodemographic Characteristics |
|
| Arzu Yildirim,Rabia Hacihasanoglu Asilar,Papatya Karakurt,Cantürk Çapik,Necla Kasimoglu | | Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2018; : 264 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Depression, anxiety, and stress among college students in Jordan and their need for mental health services |
|
| Heyam F. Dalky,Assel Gharaibeh | | Nursing Forum. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Problem-solving skills and perceived stress among undergraduate students: The moderating role of hardiness |
|
| Abbas Abdollahi,Mansor Abu Talib,Per Carlbring,Richard Harvey,Siti Nor Yaacob,Zanariah Ismail | | Journal of Health Psychology. 2018; 23(10): 1321 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Depressed as Freshmen, Stressed as Seniors: The Relationship between Depression, Perceived Stress and Academic Results among Medical Students |
|
| Magdalena Iorga,Corina Dondas,Cristina Zugun-Eloae | | Behavioral Sciences. 2018; 8(8): 70 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Study-related mental health symptoms and their correlates among allied health professions students |
|
| Khader A. Almhdawi,Saddam F. Kanaan,Yousef Khader,Zeid Al-Hourani,Fidaa Almomani,Mohammad Nazzal | | Work. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Prevalence of poor mental health among medical students in Nepal: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Arjab Adhikari,Aman Dutta,Supriya Sapkota,Abina Chapagain,Anurag Aryal,Amita Pradhan | | BMC Medical Education. 2017; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Psychological distress among college students in Kerala, India—Prevalence and correlates |
|
| Jaisoorya TS,Anjana Rani,Priya G. Menon,Jeevan CR,Revamma M,Vineetha Jose,Radhakrishnan KS,Anupam Kishore,Thennarasu K,Sivasankaran Nair B | | Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2017; 28: 28 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Assessment of Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Female Students Living in Dormitories of Qom University of Medical Sciences |
|
| Hoorieh Rahiminia,Elaheh Rahiminia,Shahram Arsangjang,Gholamreza Sharifirad | | Razavi International Journal of Medicine. 2017; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS AMONG GOVERNMENT NURSING COLLEGE STUDENTS IN AKOLA: A COLLEGE-BASED STUDY |
|
| Shilpa Telgote,Amol Jadhao | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2017; 6(90): 6297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND MENSTRUAL FUNCTION-RELATED ABNORMALITIES AMONG THE FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS |
|
| Rolinda Rajkumari,Susie Keithellakpam,Joshna Thiyam,Minita Devi N | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2017; 6(38): 3103 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Prevalence and factors associated with depression among medical students in Cameroon: a cross-sectional study |
|
| Stewart Ndutard Ngasa,Carlson-Babila Sama,Bonaventure Suiru Dzekem,Kilton Neba Nforchu,Maxime Tindong,Desmond Aroke,Christian Akem Dimala | | BMC Psychiatry. 2017; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Factors impacting on psychological wellbeing of international students in the health professions: A scoping review |
|
| Lisa McKenna,Eddie Robinson,Joy Penman,Danny Hills | | International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2017; 74: 85 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Prevalence of psychological stress, depression and anxiety among medical students in Egypt |
|
| Mohamed Fawzy,Sherifa A. Hamed | | Psychiatry Research. 2017; 255: 186 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Exploring Religiosity, Self-Esteem, Stress, and Depression Among Students of a Cypriot University |
|
| Evanthia Sakellari,Maria Psychogiou,Anna Georgiou,Milena Papanidi,Vasso Vlachou,Despina Sapountzi-Krepia | | Journal of Religion and Health. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Users Online: 1588
